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Constantine His legacy included spreading Christianity throughout the Roman Empire Video

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Director: Francis Lawrence. Added to Watchlist. From metacritic. Comic-Con Home: Saturday Schedule. Everything Coming to Hulu in June Watched In From Bononia, they crossed the Channel to Britain and made their way to Eboracum York , capital of the province of Britannia Secunda and home to a large military base.

Constantine was able to spend a year in northern Britain at his father's side, campaigning against the Picts beyond Hadrian's Wall in the summer and autumn.

Before dying, he declared his support for raising Constantine to the rank of full augustus. The Alamannic king Chrocus , a barbarian taken into service under Constantius, then proclaimed Constantine as augustus.

The troops loyal to Constantius' memory followed him in acclamation. Gaul and Britain quickly accepted his rule; [74] Hispania , which had been in his father's domain for less than a year, rejected it.

Constantine sent Galerius an official notice of Constantius' death and his own acclamation. Along with the notice, he included a portrait of himself in the robes of an augustus.

Constantine's share of the Empire consisted of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, and he commanded one of the largest Roman armies which was stationed along the important Rhine frontier.

He completed the reconstruction of military bases begun under his father's rule, and he ordered the repair of the region's roadways.

Constantine began a major expansion of Trier. He strengthened the circuit wall around the city with military towers and fortified gates, and he began building a palace complex in the northeastern part of the city.

To the south of his palace, he ordered the construction of a large formal audience hall and a massive imperial bathhouse. He sponsored many building projects throughout Gaul during his tenure as emperor of the West, especially in Augustodunum Autun and Arelate Arles.

He probably judged it a more sensible policy than open persecution [91] and a way to distinguish himself from the "great persecutor" Galerius.

Constantine was largely untried and had a hint of illegitimacy about him; he relied on his father's reputation in his early propaganda, which gave as much coverage to his father's deeds as to his.

He minted a coin issue after his victory over the Alemanni which depicts weeping and begging Alemannic tribesmen, "the Alemanni conquered" beneath the phrase "Romans' rejoicing".

Following Galerius' recognition of Constantine as caesar, Constantine's portrait was brought to Rome, as was customary. Maxentius mocked the portrait's subject as the son of a harlot and lamented his own powerlessness.

Galerius refused to recognize him but failed to unseat him. Galerius sent Severus against Maxentius, but during the campaign, Severus' armies, previously under command of Maxentius' father Maximian, defected, and Severus was seized and imprisoned.

He offered to marry his daughter Fausta to Constantine and elevate him to augustan rank. In return, Constantine would reaffirm the old family alliance between Maximian and Constantius and offer support to Maxentius' cause in Italy.

Constantine now gave Maxentius his meagre support, offering Maxentius political recognition. Constantine remained aloof from the Italian conflict, however.

Over the spring and summer of AD, he had left Gaul for Britain to avoid any involvement in the Italian turmoil; [] now, instead of giving Maxentius military aid, he sent his troops against Germanic tribes along the Rhine.

In AD, he marched to the northern Rhine and fought the Franks. When not campaigning, he toured his lands advertising his benevolence and supporting the economy and the arts.

His refusal to participate in the war increased his popularity among his people and strengthened his power base in the West. On 11 November AD, Galerius called a general council at the military city of Carnuntum Petronell-Carnuntum , Austria to resolve the instability in the western provinces.

In attendance were Diocletian, briefly returned from retirement, Galerius, and Maximian. Maximian was forced to abdicate again and Constantine was again demoted to caesar.

Licinius , one of Galerius' old military companions, was appointed augustus in the western regions. The new system did not last long: Constantine refused to accept the demotion, and continued to style himself as augustus on his coinage, even as other members of the Tetrarchy referred to him as a caesar on theirs.

Maximinus Daia was frustrated that he had been passed over for promotion while the newcomer Licinius had been raised to the office of augustus and demanded that Galerius promote him.

Galerius offered to call both Maximinus and Constantine "sons of the augusti", [] but neither accepted the new title.

In AD, a dispossessed Maximian rebelled against Constantine while Constantine was away campaigning against the Franks. Maximian had been sent south to Arles with a contingent of Constantine's army, in preparation for any attacks by Maxentius in southern Gaul.

He announced that Constantine was dead, and took up the imperial purple. In spite of a large donative pledge to any who would support him as emperor, most of Constantine's army remained loyal to their emperor, and Maximian was soon compelled to leave.

Constantine soon heard of the rebellion, abandoned his campaign against the Franks, and marched his army up the Rhine. He disembarked at Lugdunum Lyon.

It made little difference, however, as loyal citizens opened the rear gates to Constantine. Maximian was captured and reproved for his crimes.

Constantine granted some clemency, but strongly encouraged his suicide. In July AD, Maximian hanged himself.

In spite of the earlier rupture in their relations, Maxentius was eager to present himself as his father's devoted son after his death.

According to this, after Constantine had pardoned him, Maximian planned to murder Constantine in his sleep. Fausta learned of the plot and warned Constantine, who put a eunuch in his own place in bed.

Maximian was apprehended when he killed the eunuch and was offered suicide, which he accepted. The death of Maximian required a shift in Constantine's public image.

He could no longer rely on his connection to the elder Emperor Maximian, and needed a new source of legitimacy.

Breaking away from tetrarchic models, the speech emphasizes Constantine's ancestral prerogative to rule, rather than principles of imperial equality.

The new ideology expressed in the speech made Galerius and Maximian irrelevant to Constantine's right to rule.

The oration also moves away from the religious ideology of the Tetrarchy, with its focus on twin dynasties of Jupiter and Hercules.

Instead, the orator proclaims that Constantine experienced a divine vision of Apollo and Victory granting him laurel wreaths of health and a long reign.

In the likeness of Apollo, Constantine recognized himself as the saving figure to whom would be granted "rule of the whole world", [] as the poet Virgil had once foretold.

In his early reign, the coinage of Constantine advertised Mars as his patron. By the middle of AD, Galerius had become too ill to involve himself in imperial politics.

A hasty peace was signed on a boat in the middle of the Bosphorus. Maxentius' rule was nevertheless insecure. His early support dissolved in the wake of heightened tax rates and depressed trade; riots broke out in Rome and Carthage ; [] and Domitius Alexander was able to briefly usurp his authority in Africa.

He declared war on Constantine, vowing to avenge his father's "murder". Maximinus considered Constantine's arrangement with Licinius an affront to his authority.

In response, he sent ambassadors to Rome, offering political recognition to Maxentius in exchange for a military support.

Maxentius accepted. There was "not a place where people were not expecting the onset of hostilities every day". Constantine's advisers and generals cautioned against preemptive attack on Maxentius; [] even his soothsayers recommended against it, stating that the sacrifices had produced unfavourable omens.

Constantine ordered his men to set fire to its gates and scale its walls. He took the town quickly. Constantine ordered his troops not to loot the town, and advanced with them into northern Italy.

At the approach to the west of the important city of Augusta Taurinorum Turin , Italy , Constantine met a large force of heavily armed Maxentian cavalry.

Constantine's armies emerged victorious. He moved on to Milan, where he was met with open gates and jubilant rejoicing. Brescia's army was easily dispersed, [] and Constantine quickly advanced to Verona , where a large Maxentian force was camped.

Constantine sent a small force north of the town in an attempt to cross the river unnoticed. Ruricius sent a large detachment to counter Constantine's expeditionary force, but was defeated.

Constantine's forces successfully surrounded the town and laid siege. Constantine refused to let up on the siege, and sent only a small force to oppose him.

In the desperately fought encounter that followed, Ruricius was killed and his army destroyed. Maxentius prepared for the same type of war he had waged against Severus and Galerius: he sat in Rome and prepared for a siege.

He ordered all bridges across the Tiber cut, reportedly on the counsel of the gods, [] and left the rest of central Italy undefended; Constantine secured that region's support without challenge.

The keepers prophesied that, on that very day, "the enemy of the Romans" would die. Maxentius advanced north to meet Constantine in battle.

Maxentius' forces were still twice the size of Constantine's, and he organized them in long lines facing the battle plain with their backs to the river.

Constantine deployed his own forces along the whole length of Maxentius' line. He ordered his cavalry to charge, and they broke Maxentius' cavalry.

He then sent his infantry against Maxentius' infantry, pushing many into the Tiber where they were slaughtered and drowned. Maxentius rode with them and attempted to cross the bridge of boats Ponte Milvio , but he was pushed into the Tiber and drowned by the mass of his fleeing soldiers.

Constantine entered Rome on 29 October AD, [] [] and staged a grand adventus in the city which was met with jubilation. An extensive propaganda campaign followed, during which Maxentius' image was purged from all public places.

He was written up as a "tyrant" and set against an idealized image of Constantine the "liberator".

Eusebius is the best representative of this strand of Constantinian propaganda. All structures built by him were rededicated to Constantine, including the Temple of Romulus and the Basilica of Maxentius.

Its inscription bore the message which the statue illustrated: By this sign, Constantine had freed Rome from the yoke of the tyrant. Constantine also sought to upstage Maxentius' achievements.

For example, the Circus Maximus was redeveloped so that its seating capacity was 25 times larger than that of Maxentius' racing complex on the Via Appia.

In the following years, Constantine gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling Tetrarchy.

In , he met Licinius in Milan to secure their alliance by the marriage of Licinius and Constantine's half-sister Constantia. During this meeting, the emperors agreed on the so-called Edict of Milan , [] officially granting full tolerance to Christianity and all religions in the Empire.

It repudiates past methods of religious coercion and used only general terms to refer to the divine sphere—"Divinity" and "Supreme Divinity", summa divinitas.

Licinius departed and eventually defeated Maximinus, gaining control over the entire eastern half of the Roman Empire. Relations between the two remaining emperors deteriorated, as Constantine suffered an assassination attempt at the hands of a character that Licinius wanted elevated to the rank of Caesar; [] Licinius, for his part, had Constantine's statues in Emona destroyed.

They clashed again at the Battle of Mardia in , and agreed to a settlement in which Constantine's sons Crispus and Constantine II , and Licinius' son Licinianus were made caesars.

In the year , Licinius allegedly reneged on the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan in and began to oppress Christians anew, [] generally without bloodshed, but resorting to confiscations and sacking of Christian office-holders.

Therefore, Licinius was prone to see the Church as a force more loyal to Constantine than to the Imperial system in general, [] as the explanation offered by the Church historian Sozomen.

This dubious arrangement eventually became a challenge to Constantine in the West, climaxing in the great civil war of Licinius, aided by Gothic mercenaries , represented the past and the ancient pagan faiths.

Constantine and his Franks marched under the standard of the labarum , and both sides saw the battle in religious terms. Outnumbered, but fired by their zeal, Constantine's army emerged victorious in the Battle of Adrianople.

Licinius fled across the Bosphorus and appointed Martinian , his magister officiorum , as nominal Augustus in the West, but Constantine next won the Battle of the Hellespont , and finally the Battle of Chrysopolis on 18 September Licinius' defeat came to represent the defeat of a rival centre of pagan and Greek-speaking political activity in the East, as opposed to the Christian and Latin-speaking Rome, and it was proposed that a new Eastern capital should represent the integration of the East into the Roman Empire as a whole, as a center of learning, prosperity, and cultural preservation for the whole of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Special commemorative coins were issued in to honor the event. The new city was protected by the relics of the True Cross , the Rod of Moses and other holy relics , though a cameo now at the Hermitage Museum also represented Constantine crowned by the tyche of the new city.

Constantine built the new Church of the Holy Apostles on the site of a temple to Aphrodite. Generations later there was the story that a divine vision led Constantine to this spot, and an angel no one else could see led him on a circuit of the new walls.

In February , he met with Licinius in Milan and developed the Edict of Milan, which stated that Christians should be allowed to follow their faith without oppression.

The edict protected all religions from persecution, not only Christianity, allowing anyone to worship any deity that they chose.

A similar edict had been issued in by Galerius, senior emperor of the Tetrarchy, which granted Christians the right to practise their religion but did not restore any property to them.

Scholars debate whether Constantine adopted his mother Helena's Christianity in his youth, or whether he adopted it gradually over the course of his life.

Constantine possibly retained the title of pontifex maximus which emperors bore as heads of the ancient Roman religion until Gratian renounced the title.

Peter's resting place, so much so that it even affected the design of the basilica, including the challenge of erecting it on the hill where St.

Peter rested, making its complete construction time over 30 years from the date Constantine ordered it to be built. Constantine might not have patronized Christianity alone.

He built a triumphal arch in to celebrate his victory in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge which was decorated with images of the goddess Victoria , and sacrifices were made to pagan gods at its dedication, including Apollo , Diana , and Hercules.

Absent from the Arch are any depictions of Christian symbolism. However, the Arch was commissioned by the Senate, so the absence of Christian symbols may reflect the role of the Curia at the time as a pagan redoubt.

In , he legislated that the venerable Sunday should be a day of rest for all citizens. The reign of Constantine established a precedent for the emperor to have great influence and authority in the early Christian councils, most notably the dispute over Arianism.

Constantine disliked the risks to societal stability that religious disputes and controversies brought with them, preferring to establish an orthodoxy.

North African bishops struggled with Christian bishops who had been ordained by Donatus in opposition to Caecilian from to The African bishops could not come to terms, and the Donatists asked Constantine to act as a judge in the dispute.

Three regional Church councils and another trial before Constantine all ruled against Donatus and the Donatism movement in North Africa.

In , Constantine issued an edict to confiscate Donatist church property and to send Donatist clergy into exile. He enforced the council's prohibition against celebrating the Lord's Supper on the day before the Jewish Passover , which marked a definite break of Christianity from the Judaic tradition.

From then on, the solar Julian Calendar was given precedence over the lunisolar Hebrew Calendar among the Christian churches of the Roman Empire.

Constantine made some new laws regarding the Jews; some of them were unfavorable towards Jews, although they were not harsher than those of his predecessors.

Beginning in the mid-3rd century, the emperors began to favor members of the equestrian order over senators, who had a monopoly on the most important offices of the state.

Senators were stripped of the command of legions and most provincial governorships, as it was felt that they lacked the specialized military upbringing needed in an age of acute defense needs; [] such posts were given to equestrians by Diocletian and his colleagues, following a practice enforced piecemeal by their predecessors.

The emperors, however, still needed the talents and the help of the very rich, who were relied on to maintain social order and cohesion by means of a web of powerful influence and contacts at all levels.

Exclusion of the old senatorial aristocracy threatened this arrangement. In , Constantine reversed this pro-equestrian trend, raising many administrative positions to senatorial rank and thus opening these offices to the old aristocracy; at the same time, he elevated the rank of existing equestrian office-holders to senator, degrading the equestrian order in the process at least as a bureaucratic rank.

By the new Constantinian arrangement, one could become a senator by being elected praetor or by fulfilling a function of senatorial rank.

Constantine gained the support of the old nobility with this, [] as the Senate was allowed itself to elect praetors and quaestors , in place of the usual practice of the emperors directly creating new magistrates adlectio.

An inscription in honor of city prefect — Ceionius Rufus Albinus states that Constantine had restored the Senate "the auctoritas it had lost at Caesar's time".

The Senate as a body remained devoid of any significant power; nevertheless, the senators had been marginalized as potential holders of imperial functions during the 3rd century but could now dispute such positions alongside more upstart bureaucrats.

Some historians suggest that early conversions among the old aristocracy were more numerous than previously supposed. Constantine's reforms had to do only with the civilian administration.

The military chiefs had risen from the ranks since the Crisis of the Third Century [] but remained outside the senate, in which they were included only by Constantine's children.

The third century saw runaway inflation associated with the production of fiat money to pay for public expenses, and Diocletian tried unsuccessfully to re-establish trustworthy minting of silver and billon coins.

The failure resided in the fact that the silver currency was overvalued in terms of its actual metal content, and therefore could only circulate at much discounted rates.

Constantine stopped minting the Diocletianic "pure" silver argenteus soon after , while the billon currency continued to be used until the s.

From the early s on, Constantine forsook any attempts at restoring the silver currency, preferring instead to concentrate on minting large quantities of the gold solidus , 72 of which made a pound of gold.

New and highly debased silver pieces continued to be issued during his later reign and after his death, in a continuous process of retariffing, until this bullion minting ceased in , and the silver piece was continued by various denominations of bronze coins, the most important being the centenionalis.

The author of De Rebus Bellicis held that the rift widened between classes because of this monetary policy; the rich benefited from the stability in purchasing power of the gold piece, while the poor had to cope with ever-degrading bronze pieces.

Constantine's monetary policies were closely associated with his religious policies; increased minting was associated with the confiscation of all gold, silver, and bronze statues from pagan temples between and which were declared to be imperial property.

Two imperial commissioners for each province had the task of getting the statues and melting them for immediate minting, with the exception of a number of bronze statues that were used as public monuments in Constantinople.

Constantine had his eldest son Crispus seized and put to death by "cold poison" at Pola Pula , Croatia sometime between 15 May and 17 June Eusebius, for example, edited out any praise of Crispus from later copies of Historia Ecclesiastica , and his Vita Constantini contains no mention of Fausta or Crispus at all.

A popular myth arose, modified to allude to the Hippolytus — Phaedra legend, with the suggestion that Constantine killed Crispus and Fausta for their immoralities; [] the largely fictional Passion of Artemius explicitly makes this connection.

Although Constantine created his apparent heirs "Caesars", following a pattern established by Diocletian, he gave his creations a hereditary character, alien to the tetrarchic system: Constantine's Caesars were to be kept in the hope of ascending to Empire, and entirely subordinated to their Augustus, as long as he was alive.

Constantine considered Constantinople his capital and permanent residence. He lived there for a good portion of his later life.

In construction was completed on Constantine's Bridge at Sucidava, today Celei in Romania [] in hopes of reconquering Dacia , a province that had been abandoned under Aurelian.

In the late winter of , Constantine campaigned with the Sarmatians against the Goths. The weather and lack of food cost the Goths dearly: reportedly, nearly one hundred thousand died before they submitted to Rome.

In , after Sarmatian commoners had overthrown their leaders, Constantine led a campaign against the tribe. He won a victory in the war and extended his control over the region, as remains of camps and fortifications in the region indicate.

The new frontier in Dacia was along the Brazda lui Novac line supported by new castra. In the last years of his life, Constantine made plans for a campaign against Persia.

In a letter written to the king of Persia, Shapur , Constantine had asserted his patronage over Persia's Christian subjects and urged Shapur to treat them well.

In response to border raids, Constantine sent Constantius to guard the eastern frontier in In , Prince Narseh invaded Armenia a Christian kingdom since and installed a Persian client on the throne.

Constantine then resolved to campaign against Persia himself. He treated the war as a Christian crusade, calling for bishops to accompany the army and commissioning a tent in the shape of a church to follow him everywhere.

Constantine planned to be baptized in the Jordan River before crossing into Persia. Persian diplomats came to Constantinople over the winter of —, seeking peace, but Constantine turned them away.

The campaign was called off, however, when Constantine became sick in the spring of Constantine knew death would soon come.

Within the Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantine had secretly prepared a final resting-place for himself. Soon after the Feast of Easter , Constantine fell seriously ill.

There, in a church his mother built in honor of Lucian the Apostle, he prayed, and there he realized that he was dying. Seeking purification, he became a catechumen , and attempted a return to Constantinople, making it only as far as a suburb of Nicomedia.

He requested the baptism right away, promising to live a more Christian life should he live through his illness. The bishops, Eusebius records, "performed the sacred ceremonies according to custom".

Although Constantine's death follows the conclusion of the Persian campaign in Eusebius's account, most other sources report his death as occurring in its middle.

Emperor Julian the Apostate a nephew of Constantine , writing in the mids, observes that the Sassanians escaped punishment for their ill-deeds, because Constantine died "in the middle of his preparations for war".

He also established a second Senate. When Rome fell, Constantinople became the de facto seat of the empire.

By , Constantine the Great had reclaimed most of the province of Dacia, lost to Rome in He planned a great campaign against the Sassanid rulers of Persia but fell ill in Unable to complete his dream of being baptized in the Jordan River, as was Jesus, he was baptized by Eusebius of Nicomedia on his deathbed.

He had ruled for 31 years, longer than any emperor since Augustus. Much controversy exists over the relationship between Constantine and Christianity.

Some historians argue that he was never a Christian, but rather an opportunist; others maintain that he was a Christian before the death of his father.

But his work for the faith of Jesus was enduring. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem was built on his orders and became the holiest site in Christendom.

For centuries, Catholic popes traced their power to a decree called the Donation of Constantine later proved a forgery. His convocation of the First Council at Nicea produced the Nicene Creed, an article of faith among Christians worldwide.

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Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide. During the medieval period, Britons regarded Constantine as a king of their own people, particularly associating him with Caernarfon in Gwynedd. Following Galerius' recognition of Constantine as caesar, Constantine's portrait was brought to Rome, as was customary. To the south of his palace, he ordered the construction of a large formal audience hall and a massive imperial bathhouse. Edit page. Retrieved Will Smith Kinder 12, 4k Filme Retrieved 14 August Minervina may have been Fernsehprogramm Morgen Abend concubine Fausta. Wicked Blood Themenportale Zufälliger Artikel. Richtig, sie wandern in die Hölle. Home Filme Constantine. Vereinigte Staaten. Warner Bros. Hellboy II - Die goldene Armee.

He left Rome for good to build an imperial city that would glorify both his power and his faith.

Constantinople modern-day Istanbul , his capital , was dedicated in A. Previously known as Byzantium, it had been under Roman control for well over a century, but Constantine rebuilt and expanded it on a monumental scale.

He tripled the size of the existing city and offered full citizenship and free bread to encourage men of rank to move there with their families.

Churches began to punctuate the skyline; Christians were welcomed, and other faiths were generally tolerated. The ascendant Constantinople soon eclipsed Rome.

Who was Constantine? Constantine made Christianity the main religion of Rome, and created Constantinople, which became the most powerful city in the world.

By Kristin Baird Rattini. His father would rise to become the Emperor Constantius I and Constantine's mother would be canonized as St.

Helena, who was thought to have found a portion of Jesus' cross. By the time Constantius became governor of Dalmatia, he required a wife of pedigree and found one in Theodora, a daughter of Emperor Maximian.

Constantine and Helena were shuffled off to the eastern emperor, Diocletian, in Nicomedia. Upon his father's death on July 25, A. Constantine wasn't the only claimant.

In , Emperor Diocletian had established the Tetrarchy , which gave four men rule over a quadrant each of the Roman Empire, with two senior emperors and two non-hereditary juniors.

Constantius had been one of the senior emperors. Constantine's most powerful rivals for his father's position were Maximian and his son, Maxentius, who had assumed power in Italy, controlling Africa, Sardinia, and Corsica as well.

Constantine raised an army from Britain that included Germans and Celts, which the Byzantine historian Zosimus said included 90, foot soldiers and 8, cavalry.

Maxentius raised an army of , foot soldiers and 18, horsemen. The story goes that Constantine had a vision of the words in hoc signo vinces "in this sign you will conquer" upon a cross, and he swore that, should he triumph against great odds, he would pledge himself to Christianity.

Constantine actually resisted baptism until he was on his deathbed. Wearing a sign of a cross, Constantine won, and the following year he made Christianity legal throughout the Empire with the Edict of Milan.

Gregory, A History of Byzantium. Hiersemann, , column , there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city "New Rome" Nova Roma or Nea Rhome.

Commemorative coins that were issued during the s already refer to the city as Constantinopolis Michael Grant, The Climax of Rome London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, , It is possible that the emperor called the city "Second Rome" Deutera Rhome by official decree, as reported by the 5th-century church historian Socrates of Constantinople.

The Age of Constantine and Julian. Gerberding and J. Jews and Christians in the Holy Land. If a Jew has bought and circumcised a Christian slave or one belonging to any other religious community, he may under no circumstances keep the circumcised person in slavery; rather, whoever suffers such a thing shall obtain the privilege of freedom.

Claude Lepelley , "Fine delle' ordine equestre: le tappe delle'unificazione dela classe dirigente romana nel IV secolo", IN Giardina, ed.

Retrieved 5 October Pass 45; Woods, "Death of the Empress," 71— Cetatea de Scaun. See also: Fowden, "Last Days", —48, and Wiemer, In this period infant baptism, though practiced usually in circumstances of emergency had not yet become a matter of routine in the west.

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